Cosa sono le storie sociali
Le storie Sociali sono testi particolari, scritti secondo specifici criteri, che descrivono in modo chiaro, conciso e preciso una situazione, un’abilità, un risultato o un concetto.
Le Storie Sociali vengono usate dai genitori, dai fratelli/sorelle, dagli psicologi e dagli educatori di ogni genere nei contesti scolastico, domestico e di comunità, talvolta per gestire comportamenti problema.
In pratica sono brevi racconti scritti specificamente per aiutare a capire come è il mondo sociale e a imparare come ci si deve
comportare nei rapporti interpersonali.
A cosa servono
Il loro scopo è quello di aiutare le persone con autismo a comprendere meglio le situazioni e gli eventi sociali che incontrano nella loro vita, sostenendone in questo modo la capacità di essere soggetti attivi nelle routine e nelle attività quotidiane. L’uso efficace delle Storie Sociali va anche oltre la promozione della comprensione sociale negli individui con autismo: infatti, permette agli operatori e ai genitori di costruire, attraverso esse, relazioni di fiducia.
Le Storie Sociali hanno uno scopo di prevenzione e si possono impiegare in tanti ambiti: se il bambino non vuole attendere il proprio turno all’altalena del parchetto, se non vuole mangiare piano, se non vuole entrare nei negozi quando c’è la musica alta, se non vuole mettere la cintura in macchina, se arriva al mare e vuole entrare in acqua tutto vestito… ma anche quando bisogna:
- affrontare situazioni problematiche (andare in auto, giocare con altri bambini…),
- chiarire una situazione che hanno interpretato male,
- preparare ad un evento particolare (gite, supplenze, imprevisti….).
Per scrivere una storia sociale bisogna:
- Determinare il soggetto della storia (selezionare un’abilità sociale)
- Raccogliere le informazioni (situazione e abilità del soggetto)
- Personalizzare il testo secondo l’età del bambino, livello di sviluppo, alle capacità attentive, allo stile di apprendimento.
- Utilizzare quattro tipologie base di frasi:
DESCRITTIVE, SOGGETTIVE, DIRETTIVE e AFFERMATIVE - Dare un titolo
- Rinforzare la storia con le immagini dell’ambiente e dell’interazione (renderà
l’apprendimento più visivo e aumenterà la facilità/rapidità di acquisizione della
nuova abilità) - Meglio se presentiamo la storia:
- in un ambiente rilassato
- non durante un evento difficile
- non quando la persona è agitata
- non utilizzare la lettura della storia sociale come conseguenza punitiva per un comportamento negativo.
La storia sociale va ripetuta (oppure letta se il vostro bambino sa leggere) almeno 5 volte e poi si fanno le domande di comprensione.
Testi utili
Caroline Smith, Storie sociali per l’autismo
Carol Gray, Il libro delle storie sociali
Fonte
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